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Dialetic Freedom
by Rich Birkett
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF FREEDOM
Conceptualization ·
Liberty ·
Liberation ·
Other Freedoms ·
Multi-Dimensional Political Charts ·
Freedom Chart ·
Leftists & Rightists ·
Suggested Reading
REALIZATION OF FREEDOM
Realization ·
Exclusivicity & Compatibility ·
Legitimacy & Civility ·
Objectivity & Dissimilar
Values ·
Optimal Freedom ·
Dispute Resolution ·
Freedomists in an Unfree World
Conceptualization of Freedom
All philosophy, and particularly all political philosophy, is about persuasion.
Persuasiveness of philosophical narrative is dependent on each listener
or audience. The audience can be:
1. ourselves to reaffirm or change our own actions, interests and/or
beliefs; or
2. others we want to persuade; to change or reaffirm their actions, interests,
and/or beliefs.
The form of the persuasive narrative can be
esoteric for ourselves, or
exoteric for others. The extent that esoteric
and exoteric narratives diverge from each other can indicate weakness
or incompleteness of the narrative. Exoteric narratives sometimes downplay
or ignore embarrassing or troublesome hypothetical implications or consequences
of a given narrative.
Freedom philosophy is about persuasion of ourselves and others that freedom
narrative is meaningful and relevant to a wide variety of interpersonal
relations and intrapersonal issues.
Almost every person has some intuitive sense of the meaning of
freedom. When the use of the word freedom in narrative is
analyzed, freedom is usually followed by the prepositions by, for, from,
of or to; and then followed by an object. An object can
be an action, actor, concept, entity, place or status. These
prepositional freedoms take the form of freedom [preposition]
[object]: freedom by [object], freedom for [object], freedom from [object],
freedom of [object], and, freedom to [object].
Freedom can also follow adjectives, and take the form of [adjective]
freedom. Adjectives are the same objects as in prepositional freedoms:
action, actor, concept, entity, place or status. However, adjective freedoms
lack qualifying prepositions to narrow their meanings and are more ambiguous
than prepositional freedoms. For example, animal freedom can
take on many meanings, because animals can be either actors or objects that
can either choose or be chosen. So, animal freedom could mean
"freedom for animals to make choices", or "freedom for animals to avoid"
cruelty, death or habitat loss, or "freedom from animals" injuring or annoying
others, or "freedom to use animals" by others for companionship, food, clothing,
work or sport, or, "freedom provided by animals" such as guard dogs, seeing-eye
dogs, service dogs, rescue dogs, sled dogs, mouse chasing cats, work animals,
etc.
No adjectives preceding freedom implies all, some or
more freedom.
Freedom "TO"
Choice = Liberty
Liberty is choice,
action,
alternatives,
assortment,
discretion,
diversity,
electives,
flexibility,
opportunity,
options,
possibilities,
preferences,
prerogatives,
selections,
variety,
volition,
will,
the freedom to choose.
The intra-personal liberty narrative is the persuasion of ourselves to
make choices and that our choices are just and defensible because they do
not impose disproportionately high costs on others to avoid the consequences
of our choices.
Inter-personal liberty (or social liberty) narrative is persuading other
persons from actions that interfere with our liberties and persuading
third parties to choose actions that prevent or minimize interference
with our liberties by other persons.
Libertarianism is the
maximization of liberty, that is, the
maximization of choice, alternatives, discretion, diversity, electives,
flexibility, opportunity, options, perogatives, possibilities, selections,
variety, volition, will, the preference to
do as we please. If some choices are mutually
exclusive, that is, two or more choices are
mutually incompatible or mutually
unrealizable, then maximum liberty can
only be composed of optimal liberties. One example
of natural exclusivicity is the inability
of two or more objects to occupy the same space.
Almost all self-identified libertarians are
optimal libertarians, with a variety of beliefs as to which choices
are incompatible with optimal liberty. Very rare are self-identified
libertarians who advocate absolute freedom to choose; they tend to also
be nihilists,
Sadists,
libertines,
licentious, or
Satanists.
"Because completely unrestricted freedom of action would make peaceful human
existence impossible, some restraints on freedom of action are necessary
and inevitable. Virtually all codes of action recognize that basic limitation.
Liberty is defined in such codes as the right of individuals to act without
restraint as long as their actions do not interfere with the equivalent rights
of others; acts that do violate the rights of others are rejected as
license."
from "Liberty", Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 99.
Those choices optimal libertarians believe are incompatible with optimal
liberty tend to fall into these loosely defined categories:
initiatory force,
harm, injury, and other
standards of
victimization.
Freedom "FROM"
Avoidance = Liberation
Liberation is
avoidance,
avoidability,
alleviation,
amelioration,
autonomy,
aversion,
break,
buffer,
calm,
civility,
comfort,
cushion,
defense,
easement,
egress,
emancipation,
escape,
evasion,
evitability,
freeing,
immunity,
independence,
insulation,
manumission,
mitigation,
obviation,
pacification,
peace,
privacy,
quiet,
recess,
refuge,
relaxation,
release,
relief,
reprieve,
rescue,
resolution,
rest,
retreat,
sanctuary,
security,
serenity,
shield,
shirk,
slack, space,
tranquility, the
preference to be left alone,
freedom from the under-avoidable consequences
of other persons' choices and
actions. (Note:
"liberation" also has other common use
meanings: "freedom for", "freedom realization". However, for the purposes
of this discussion, "liberation" means "freedom from".)
Liberationism is the
maximization of liberation, that is, the
maximization of avoidance, alleviation, amelioration, autonomy, aversion,
break, buffer, calm, civility, comfort, cushion, defense, easement, egress,
emancipation, escape, evasion, eviability, freeing, immunity, independence,
insulation, mitigation, obviation, pacification, peace, privacy, quiet, recess,
refuge, relaxation, release, relief, reprieve, rescue, resolution, rest,
retreat, security, slack, space, tranquility, being left alone. If some
avoidances are mutually exclusive, that is,
two or more avoidances are mutually
incompatible or
unrealizable, then maximum liberation can
only be composed of optimal liberations. One
example of natural exclusivicity is the
inability of two or more objects to occupy the same
space.
While some
self-identified liberationists are optimal
liberationists, with a variety of beliefs as to which avoidances
are incompatible with optimal liberation, many self-identified
liberationists who believe in absolute freedom to avoid also tend to be
prohibitionists and
authoritarians.
Some self-identified liberationists focus on economic class to organize for
freedom from government, and, any privileges and preferential policies benefiting
a privileged class, especially when privileges and policies are detrimental
to the interests of other classes. These class liberationists focus
on redistribution of wealth and power as necessary to remediate systemic
injustices, past and present.
Another strain of
self-identified liberationists focus on freedom from human needs such as
food, shelter, medicine and education. These necessitarian
liberationists advocate free (or subsidized)
amenities and the necessity defense in cases of theft of food by (or for)
the starving, theft of medicine by (or for) the sick, and squatting by the
homeless.
It could be argued that many self-identified liberationists have an
under-developed sense of liberty and liberation. Food, shelter, medicine
and education are not cost free if a person's labor is required for its
availability. Farmers, builders, doctors and teachers usually do not work
for free willingly. If free or subsidized benefits mean beneficiaries provide
nothing or little in exchange for a benefit, then, either farmers, builders,
doctors and teachers must be forced to provide all (or some) of their
labor uncompensated, or, some third party, either voluntary charities
and/or government (with taxes, taxpayers, welfare, entitlements, transfer
payments) must compensate or otherwise induce farmers, builders, doctors
and teachers to provide their labor willingly.
Forced labor imposes a high cost to both liberty and liberation of the laborer.
In most circumstances, and some people would argue that in all circumstances,
forced labor is an illegitimate means for
almost any end, including ends that may benefit the realization of some other
liberty and/or liberation.
However, a distinction can be made between labor freedom and that which is
not the product of labor: natural resources, land, space, sunlight, wind.
(More on this to come.)
Most self-identified libertarians already have and always had some sense
of liberation. Libertarians want freedom from government, freedom
from taxes, freedom from regulation, freedom from
prohibitionist laws, freedom from disproportionate punishment,
freedom from property confiscation, freedom from searches,
freedom from seizures, freedom from invasive surveillance,
freedom from initiatory force, freedom from coercion, freedom
from slavery, freedom from conscription, freedom from
aggression, freedom from war, freedom from injury, freedom
from collateral damage, freedom from victimization, freedom
from anything that impedes liberty, and to optimal libertarians: freedom
from non-optimal liberties.
It could be argued that libertarians have an under-developed sense of liberation,
particularly when considering choices and actions within the grey areas of
pollution, nuisance and annoyance, that do not cause significant or permanent
harm or threat of harm. It would be more accurate to say that self-identified
libertarians (at least in the Libertarian Party) fall back to the
privatizationist, contractarian property rights position regarding pollution,
nuisance and annoyance, that is, abatement or resolution can only be negotiated
voluntarily and/or contractually between neighboring propertyowners. To the
freedomist, contractarian theory of dispute resolution places all burdens
and costs of avoidance upon the avoider, with the negotiating position of
the avoider reduced to either:
1. offering incentives to the annoying neighbor to voluntarily negotiate
an abatement or resolution, or
2. avoider burdened with all costs to insulate the avoider on the
avoider's own property, i.e. with fences, berms, sound-proofing, air
filtering, water filtering, ear plugs, gas masks, and other nuisance abatement
technologies and strategies.
Most self-identified liberationists already have and always had some sense
of liberty. Liberationists want freedom to direct action, freedom
to speak, freedom to assemble, freedom to associate in
unions, co-ops, communes and syndicates, freedom to strike,
freedom to boycott, and more controversially, freedom to condemn,
detain, dismiss bosses, execute, expropriate, prohibit, regulate, seize
power, tax wealth. And, to the optimal liberationist: freedom to realize
optimal liberations and freedom to abolish or repeal non-optimal
liberations.
While some of the aforementioned liberties may be of questionable
legitimacy, self-identified liberationists
of all shades are very willing to exercise their choices and opportunities.
Other Freedoms?
Liberty or "freedom to" has been described as the "positive" freedom, and,
liberation or "freedom from" has been described as the "negative" freedom.
Another way of understanding the distinction is to describe liberty as the
"ingressive" freedom and liberation as the
"egressive" freedom. This would suggest that
there are only two forms of freedom. Could there be three or more forms of
freedom? Perhaps. Hypothetically, there may be freedoms that cannot be adequately
categorized as either liberty or liberation, and our minds should be remain
open to that possibility. Pragmatically, our uncertainty about the number
of freedoms does not prevent us from discussing known forms of freedoms.
We can only keep in the back of our minds that when we discuss the interactions
between liberty and liberation, there may be other interactions with unknown
freedoms that could alter the liberty-liberation discussion.
Freedom FROM
Liberation
Avoidability
Negative
Egressive
CounterActive
Reactive
Defensive
Leftist |
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Freedom TO
Liberty
Choice
Positive
Ingressive
Active
Proactive
Offensive
Rightist |
Multi-Dimensional Political Charts
Libertarians use the "Nolan Chart", named after libertarian
David Fraser Nolan, to demonstrate
a two-dimensional alternative to the conventional one-dimensional
liberal-conservative or leftist-rightist
dichotomies. One dimension of the Nolan Chart square is labeled "personal
liberty" and second dimension is labeled "economic liberty". Nolan Chart
critics argue that personal liberty and economic liberty are indivisible,
while Nolan Chart proponents argue that the Nolan Chart is intended to show
that conservatives prefer economic liberty over personal liberty, liberals
prefer personal liberty over economic liberty, and libertarians favor both
economic and personsal liberties.
Nolan Charts
Alternate
"Political Compass"
Alternate "Plan for a New Political Party"
Alternate
Freedom Chart
The Freedom Chart has one dimension labeled "liberty" while the second dimension
is labeled "liberation".
Other Multi-Dimensional Freedom & Nolan Chart
Websites
Advocates for Self-Government's World's Smallest Political Quiz
American Freedom Committee's Freedom Circle
Enhanced Precision Political Quiz in 2D
Freedom Keys' Nolan Chart Variations
Friesian School's Positive & Negative Liberties in Three Dimensions
LibertySoft's World's Smallest Political Quiz Download
Mackinac Center's
"Is Mackinac Center for Public Policy Liberal? Libertarian? Conservative?",
Chart
Carl S Milsted's Freedom vs Equality
Neo-Libertarian
Nolan Chart
On The Issues' Pop-up Grid
Political Compass
Wirman Virkkala's Is Libertarianism an Extremism?
Vosem Chart Locator
Voteview's Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting
Wikipedia:
Nolan Chart
Laird Wilcox's Beyond Left/Right
What is "leftist" and what is "rightist"?
Historically, "leftist" and "rightist" originated with the seating arrangement
of France's Legislative Assembly of 1791.
1. Liberation-Liberty Basis. Surveys would show that self-identified
leftists identify more favorably with the word "liberation" than self-identified
rightists. Conversely, surveys would show that rightists identify more favorably
with the word "liberty" than leftists. On this basis, one could generalize
that liberation is leftist and liberty is rightist. Surveys would also
show that rightists identify more favorably with the words
"conservative",
"populist",
"constitutionalist", and
"religion" than leftists, and surveys would also
show that leftists identify more favorably with the words
"liberal",
"progressive",
"secular",
"socialist",
"government" and
"anarchist" than rightists.
2. Issue by Issue Basis. However, surveys based on single issues would
show both leftists and rightists have both libertarian and liberationist
interests depending on specific issues. Leftists would be more libertarian
than rightists on lifestyle issues such as abortion, cannabis, drugs, eroticism,
gaming, gays, pornography, reproduction and sex. Rightists would be more
libertarian than leftists on death penalty, economics, environment, firearms,
military, police, property, technology and tobacco issues. The following
chart correlates leftist and rightist with libertarian and liberationist
interests on many issues.
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Counter.Active
Reactive
Defensive |
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Co.Active |
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Active
Proactive
Offensive |
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Aggressive |
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Egressive |
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Non.Aggressive |
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Ingressive |
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Aggressive |
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Prohibitionist |
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Liberationist |
. |
Freedomist |
. |
Libertarian |
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Libertine |
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Prohibitionism |
. |
Liberation |
. |
Freedom |
. |
Liberty |
. |
License |
Issue |
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Freedom From |
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Freedom To & From |
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Freedom To |
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(Unspecified) |
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Leftist |
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Centrist?* |
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Rightist |
Abortion |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Cannabis |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Death Penalty |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Drugs |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Economics |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Environment |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Eroticism |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Firearms |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Gaming |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Gays |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Government |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Immigration |
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** |
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** |
Military |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Police |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Pornography |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Property |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Reproduction |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Sex |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Taxation |
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Rightist |
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Leftist |
Technology |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
Tobacco |
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Leftist |
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Rightist |
* Historically, centrist penchant for compromise often lacked consistent
principles. However, libertarian-liberationist freedom can rightfully claim
to be a truly principled centrist political philosophy.
** Immigration Freedom cleaves both Leftist and Rightist groupings. Leftists
who want freedom from immigration are nationalistic unionists and
lower-income workers who oppose wage and labor competition from immigrant
laborers. Leftists who want freedom to immigration support the right
of the poor and minorities to travel and migrate to places that offer more
or better work opportunities. Rightists who want freedom from
immigration are nationalistic populists who are interested in preserving
and insulating national heritage, culture and language from foreign influences.
Rightists who want freedom to immigration are economic conservatives,
free traders, and employers seeking low-wage laborers or seeking to reduce
domestic labor shortages. Until recently, rightists in the US Republican
Party have extended their anti-communist, pro-life appeal among Catholics
to include Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans and other Latinos, and therefore,
became more libertarian on immigration issues. However, recently, many Republican
Party candidates and activists have reverted to an authoritarian, law and
order position on illegal immigration in response to perceived voter
opposition to immigration, which has resulted in loss of Latino and Catholic
support.
Other Leftist/Rightist Websites
American Freedom Committee:
Freedom Circle
DiscoverTheNetworks.org:
Conservative/Right,
Liberal/Left/Progressive
Richard M Ebeling:
"Still Neither
Left Nor Right"
Glass
House Philosopher
NationMaster.com
Encyclopedia:
Left
Right politics,
Leftism,
Radical
centrism,
Right
Wing
Howard R Olson:
Right-Left
Con Game: The False Choice Between Civil-Liberty & Economic
Freedom
Leonard E Read:
"Neither
Left Nor Right"
Mark Skousen:
"Neither
Left nor Right"
Stop the Left-Right Con
Game!
Wikipedia:
Left-right_politics
Leftist/Rightist Books
Beyond Right and Left: New politics and the culture wars by David McKnight
Realization of Freedom
To come!
Exclusivicity & Compatibility of Freedoms
Liberty and liberation are not necessarily
zero-sum
commodities. To an optimalist, an expansion
of freedom may not lead to an equal or greater reduction of other freedoms.
In an idealized universe, expansion of freedom would not reduce other freedoms
at all. An analogy to this hyper-compatible universe would be where not only
"two objects could occupy the same space",
but also where "two objects could pass through each other unchanged and
undamaged".
Libertinisms and
license can be thought as those choices or policies
that impose too great a cost to liberation, and
prohibitionisms can be thought as those
policies that impose too great a cost to liberty. While not all
prohibitions are prohibitionisms, prohibitionisms are characterized by
a lack of complaintants (other than
law enforcement officers), a lack of
victims, a lack of
harm, a lack of
threat, or a lack of
exceptions, including, but not limited to,
exceptions for time, place, setting,
mitigating
circumstances or
consenting
participants.
Glossary: civility,
legitimacy,
libertinism,
prohibitionism,
sensitivity,
tolerance
Liberty and Liberation as Incommensurate or Dissimilar Values:
Objectivity, Subjectivity, Relativity and Value Exchanges
Glossary: dissimilar, incommesurate, objectivity, relativity, subjectivity
Optimal Freedom & Comaximization of Liberty and Liberation
Just as optimal liberty is the optimization or
comaximization of liberties, and optimal liberation
is the optimization or comaximization of liberations, optimal freedom
is the optimization or comaximization of both liberty freedoms and
liberation freedoms, that is, the simultaneous maximization of choice and
avoidability.
I propose a neologism that fuses the words "liberty" and "liberation":
libertation, a synonym for "freedom",
"optimal freedom" and "libertarian-liberationist freedom", and
libertationist, a synonym for
"libertarian-liberationist". - FAN Director Rich Birkett
Balancing Freedoms, Dispute Resolution & Justice:
Markets, Juries & Democracy
To come!
Freedomists in an Unfree World*
Some steps freedomists can take to promote freedom:
Message
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Simple message: "Preserve and expand choice and avoidability."
Persuasion
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Persuade libertarians, conservatives, liberals, liberationists, and anarchists
to be more freedomist.
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Persuade voters and other people that freedomist philosophy is less radical
and more civil, more compassionate and more humane than other political
philosophies.
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Persuade, become and/or support independent candidates with no party affiliation
who are freedomists or share most goals of freedomists.
Election Reform
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Abolish partisan elections. Allow a candidate's self-description as
an alternative to partisan descriptions on election ballots.
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Reform "winner-take-all" elections with a more fully representative election
system, with the fewest unrepresented voters, possibly with
proportional representation, preferential
voting, instant runoff voting, approval voting, or other more fully
representative election system. Allocation of proportional representation
should be distributed to individual candidates, not parties.
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Expand direct democracy with propositions, initiatives, referendums and recalls.
Partisan Strategies
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Consider which partisan strategies, if any, 1) are, or, 2) could
be more effective than non-partisan strategies.
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Establish Freedom Caucuses in established political
parties.
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Persuade Republican Liberty
Caucus, Democratic Freedom
Caucus, Freedom Democrats
and other pro-freedom major political party organizations to be more freedomist.
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In winner-take-all partisan elections, isolate anti-freedom and non-freedomist
candidates and activists to two or more parties, i.e. religious, moral and
lifefstyle prohibitionists to Republican Party and economic prohibitionists
to Democratic Party. Don't suggest anti-freedom and non-freedomist activists
should form coalitions. Divide and splinter critics, don't unite them.
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Merge Libertarian Party,
Liberal Parties, and other established
pro-freedom minor parties into one big-tent Freedom Party. Where
Freedom Party is already established,
persuade to be more freedomist. Third party strategies have been historically
ineffective, so this strategy may be too.
* FAN acknowledges Harry Browne's
How I Found
Freedom in an Unfree World as the inspiration for this heading.
Suggested Reading
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"Bogus Freedom"
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by James P Bovard
thefreemanonline.org/featured/bogus-freedom
Bovard discusses freedom from want and liberation.
" 'Freedom from want' is one of the most frequently invoked notions of freedom
in our time. However, it is a bogus freedom that politicians and socialists
offer to lull people into accepting policies that destroy true freedom. Freedom
from want has been most loudly advocated in this century by those who favored
removing almost all limits from government power. ... Equating liberty with
satisfactory living standards became far more common as the twentieth century
went on. 'Real freedom means good wages, short hours, security in employment,
good homes, opportunity for leisure and recreation with family and friends,'
wrote Sir Oswald Mosley ... The Labour government offered freedom via the
solidarity of standing in the same rationing lineliberation via
deprivation. ... Once freedom is equated with a certain material standard
of living, confiscation becomes the path to liberation. Thus, the more avidly
a politician raises taxes, the greater his apparent love for liberty. In
the name of providing 'freedom from want,' the politician acquires a pretext
to destroy the basis of private citizens' independence. 'Freedom from want'
becomes a license for politicians, rather than a declaration of rights of
citizens. ... Faith in freedom from want depends on a political myopia that
focuses devoutly on only one side of the ledger of government action. This
is measuring freedom according to how much government does for people, and
totally disregarding what government does to people. ... According to sociologist
Robert Goodin, 'If what the rich man loses when his property is redistributed
is described as a loss of freedom, then the gain to the poor must similarly
be described as a gain of freedom. ... No net loss of freedom for society
as a whole, as distinct from individuals within it, is involved in redistributive
taxation. Thus, there is no basis in terms of freedom ... for objecting to
it.' ... By this standard, slavery would not reduce a society's freedom,
since the slave's loss of freedom would be equaled by the slave owners
gain. ... Once the notion of 'freedom from want' is accepted as the pre-eminent
freedom, it becomes a wish list justifying endless political forays deeper
and deeper into people's lives. ... Political scientist Alan Wolfe, a
self-described 'welfare liberal,' asserted in 1995 that 'people need a modicum
of security and income maintenance, underwritten by government, in order
to fulfill the ideal of negative liberty, which is self-sufficiency.' ...
government sacrifices the person's freedom in order to 'liberate' someone
elseoften someone who chooses not to work. If someone pays the taxes
that finance the government benefits he receives, he is less free than he
would otherwise have been. ... It is a cardinal error to confuse freedom
with the things that free individuals can achieve or produce, and then to
sacrifice the reality of freedom in a deluded shortcut to the bounty of freedom.
Freedom is not measured by how much a person possesses, but by the restrictions
and shackles under which he lives. ... Americans must beware of Trojan-horse
definitions of freedomdefinitions that, once accepted, allow bureaucrats
to take over everyone's life."
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Escape From Freedom
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by Erich Pinchas Fromm (deceased)
published by Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, NY, 1941
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Four Essays on Liberty
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by Isaiah Mendelevich Berlin (deceased)
Berlin discusses freedom from persons who (and things that) interfere with our liberty.
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Freedom From Freedom Froms
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by Titus Stauffer
published by Free Voice Publishing, Box 692168, Houston, TX 77269-2168,
713-251-5226, ISBN 0-9644835-1-3
"Freedom From Freedom Froms cautions the reader that freedom can mean
enslavement. 'Freedom from want' can mean that government will make your
charity choices for you, 'freedom from overpopulation and starvation' can
mean that the government will control your reproduction, "freedom from drugs'
means they'll break your door down in the middle of the night, lest you destroy
some 'evidence', and 'freedom from sin' means they'll decide how you will
worship, among many other things. 'Freedom from pollution' means that the
Superfund will extort money from small businesses (and hence, from consumers)
for cleaning up the 'toxics' in discarded pizzas and cardboard boxes,
accomplishing little other than the enrichment of environmental lawyers.
'Freedom from Un-American Activities' meant that they'd nab you for scratching
your butt during the National Anthem. And more of the same. Beware, then,
of false freedoms, as well as false prophets; seek 'Freedom From Freedom
Froms'." from the Introduction by Titus Stauffer.
Freedom From Freedom Froms is a fictional, futuristic, sci-fi novel.
Nonetheless, the introduction's reference to illegitimate or uncivil freedoms
Stauffer calls "false freedoms" causes the reader to ponder the
legitimacy of some so-called freedoms.
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"Freedom (political)"
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by BrainyEncyclopedia (uncredited)
brainyencyclopedia.com/encyclopedia/f/fr/freedom__political_.html
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How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World
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by Harold Browne (deceased)
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Issues of Freedom: Paradoxes and Promises
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by Herbert Joseph Muller
published by Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York, NY, 1960
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Liberty: Incorporating Four Essays on Liberty
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by Isaiah Mendelevich Berlin (deceased),
edited by Henry Hardy Jr (deceased), 2002
includes 1969 book Four Essays on Liberty
by Isaiah Mendelevich Berlin (deceased)
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"Negative and Positive Freedom"
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by Gerald C MacCallum, Jr
mcv.planc.ee/misc/doc/filosoofia/artiklid/Gerald MacCallum - Negative and Positive Freedom.pdf
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"Positive and Negative Liberty"
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by Ian Carter, Feb 27 2003, revised Oct 8 2007
plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative
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Roads to Freedom
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by Bertrand Arthur William Russell
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Social Justice in the Liberal State
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by Bruce Ackerman
Ackerman, a self-identified liberal, discusses avoidance and coherence.
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"The
Five Faces of Freedom in American Political and Constitutional Thought"
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by John Lawrence Hill
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The Free Society
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by Lansing Pollock
published by Westview Press, Division of Harper-Collins Publishers, Boulder, CO, ISBN 0-8133-2719-9 or 0-8133-2720-2
Pollock, a self-identified libertarian, discusses coherence and whether nuisance
could be considered coercion, and proposes user taxes and resource taxes
replace income taxes to fund government. Review: Independent Institute's
Independent Review.
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"Three concepts of liberty"
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by Ivan Zoltan Denes
berlin.wolf.ox.ac.uk/lists/onib/d%E9nes.pdf
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"Two Concepts of Liberty"
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by Isaiah Mendelevich Berlin (deceased)
Berlin discusses freedom from persons who (and things that) interfere with our liberty.
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"Who made freedom a dirty word?"
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by James Heartfield
web.archive.org/web/20000816001517/informinc.co.uk/LM/LM101/LM101_Freedom.html
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